A branch is a smart copy of a codebase that knows about it's history. You typically create a branch of your own to do work on. This is your workspace that is compelete safe to experiment with.
master branch
This is typically used as the production code and usually has protections on it to prevent contributors from directly interfering with it.
commit
This is a save point.
diff
This is a way to see the differences between different points in time.
local vs remote
Work is done in your local computer. The remote is the server where everyone's work (including yours) is backed up to.
pushing to remote
Pushing commits is the act of syncing your local commits and backing them up to the remote server. This allows others to see your work.
pulling
This syncs changes from the server to your local repository.
pull request
Once you have done work, committed it and pushed it, you'll create a pull request. This is a signal and way to communicate to the maintainer that you've done work and it's ready for review.
code review
Collaborators like to check each other's work to ensure quality. This is a way for experienced engineers to mentor, and a way to share knowledge.
merge
Once a code review has taken place and it is determined that the work should be integrated into the production codebase, a merge is done.
